Resmed Case Essay Example

Resmed Case Essay Reseed did file a suit claiming that Reconciles Infringed on their patent. However, Responsive convincingly argue that their devices did not infringe on Resumes proprietary device and the court ruled in their favor. Reseed failed to bar Respiration entry into the CAP/OSHA market as well as prevent imitation and substitution of their CAP device. Reseed was aggressive in their RD (spent heavily), but brought products to market late. They often pursued several simultaneous projects through 3 departments (Mechanical design, electronic development and software development). Examples of Hess were APP to provide therapy to a larger group of OSHA sufferers and to expand into other areas of respiratory therapy. They consistently feel behind their Respiration in delivery products to the market. Market Selection Selected OSHA/SAD market as appear. 2% of population was possible candidates for CAP therapy. This was Resumes initial target market. They started in Australia, but then expanded into other countries such as Germany and eventually to the US. The branched into emphysema, CHEF, stoke therapy and other pulmonary diseases. They focused on the faces market where they were very successful. We will write a custom essay sample on Resmed Case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Resmed Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Resmed Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Also looked to revive an alternative treatment for Cheyenne-Stokes respiration. Market penetration and adaptation They established sales offices and partnerships with distributors as an entry strategy into the local markets. They eventually purchased the distributor when its sales were the majority of the distributors business. This was to help Reseed combat their smaller size. They also established an office In the US to have a local presence. Every country has a different health care system with differing reimbursement systems, market structures and competitive Reseed approached each market with those differences in mind. Main target market was the US. US market had MM people affected by sleep disorders according to the Congressional Sleep Disorders Commission. OSHA identified as the largest culprit and that many werent properly diagnosed. This study put OSHA related products in the spotlight and this market grew almost 500%. This Increase In market share would be a tremendous opportunity Tort tense companies won were positional to take advantage. Unfortunately, Respiration was the first mover in this market and took a commanding market share. Barriers to entry were minimal as a new market entrant would only have to demonstrate to the FDA that the CAP device complied with guidelines. Reseed was second in the US to Respiration to provide SAD therapy equipment. Respiration holds the majority of the market share in the US. In most other countries, healthcare is usually controlled by a single source (e. G. Government) which was very motivated by cost. Germany being one of the exceptions as they were more concerned about the level of care provided and not the costs/reimbursements. Reseed offered the Sleepiest which was a product to provide non-sleep specialists medical staff the tools for identifying a diagnosis and a treatment. This was ultimately designed to increase the flow of patients into payer-dictated paths for CAP prescription. [2] Competitive industry structure and competitive positioning Porters Five forces analysis will help to determine industry structure and competitive positioning Industry Competition Respiration major competitor in OSHA and breathing therapy market Respiration had more advanced and relevant technology. Two major competitors merged (Respiration and Healthy), but was distracted by integration and No real source of product differentiation amongst the restructuring process. Competitors with the exception of an Outset device which constantly monitors and adjusts air pressure. Source of product differentiation with the faces. Low levels of product differentiation and many competitors will put a downward pressure on the Caps prices. N o competitors in the CHEF and stroke treatment markets. First mover advantage. Supplier Power Raw materials and products needed to manufacture these devices and fastbacks would be very similar. Supplier power will be controlled by supplier competition and the demand of the product being sought. Suppliers can drive prices upwards by following the leader or creating a shortage in essential raw parts needed for the CAP/APP machines. Buyer Power Products which treat OSHA/SAD offer very little product differentiation. Because of number of competitors and lack of product differentiation, this will put pressure on the manufacturers to compete on pricing. Buyers have less power with fastbacks and Reseed is the industry leader. Has a greater level of product differentiation. Barriers to Entry Low barrier to entry with OSHA markets. FDA had a set standard spec for the CAP. If competitors met the standards of the design, the CAP machine would be allowable. A barrier to entry would be in partnering with a distributor that had injections with governments and/or the insuranc e companies. Another barrier to entry would be the specific regulations governing medical therapy devices. How loose or how strict these regulations would be would affect the barrier to entry. Hall Drawler to entry would De Tort products wanly were Antennae to treat c Stroke patient market. This product required timely and costly clinical trials. There was also no compensation incentive for cardiologists/neurologists. In the CHEF and Stroke markets, high barrier to entry as these markets had well defined diagnostic and treatment methods. Threat of Substitutes High threat of substitutes in the OSHA/SAD markets from competitors products, surgical procedures and prescription medicines all meant to alleviate the symptoms of OSHA. Interaction with regulatory bodies, other key organizations Had problems getting the commercial backing for development of the device and the medical community to accept CAP. Farrell had many publications on the topic of sleep medicine and established credibility in this medical community. FDA was responsible for the approval of therapeutic products treating OSHA/SAD. In Germany, doctors and not government had the greatest influence on which product was used. However, the German government also had very strict technical specifications and patients expected cutting edge technology. Management, leadership and organization structure Flat organization structure focused on minimizing politics, being value driven, being innovative and doing tasks with a sense of urgency. CEO/leader with high standards and demanding targets. Relentless drive, attention to detail with intelligence. He was good at forming networks and assembled a medical advisory board of experts to advise the company on trends in medicine. Hired former graduate students who already had worked with Farrell and understood his demanding sense of urgency. Reseed geographically expanded as they went into new markets. Farrell wanted to maintain the companys culture often communicated with all levels of the organization as well as visited the Australian office. Changed organization and leadership in RD, when they couldnt deliver results and fell behind their competitors. Acquired MAP (a competitor in the German markets), which created synergies and economies of scale in its German operations. Map also had new products in the pipeline which would help to lower the R costs of the combined company. This brand recognition in Germany could service to strengthen the companys competition as they expand into new markets. In the US, they kept their sales force lean in order to keep their costs down and focused on the strategic repositioning of reimbursable products in new areas of treatment. Access to capital Partnered with Baxter International, invested in Resumes product to improve patient comfort and reduce the noise produced by the machine. [3]Almost failed when Baxter sold its respiratory care businesses, but Farrell funded Reseed privately. Distributor partnership with Monitored, they gave $1 MM for development of next generation of CAP evolves In exchange Tort a Malory Interest In ten Resume. 0 secure althorn funding, Reseed came out with an PIP in the US which raised $MM. What should Reseed do with regard to the CHEF (congestive heart failure) and Stroke market opportunities? Reseed should continue developing technologies to take advantage of the CHEF and Stroke markets. Reseed needs to expand on sicknesses that can be treated using the same types of therapy. This will offer the most synergies to their current infrastructure and will offer them large growth potential in the future. These markets had almost MOM people affected by CHEF or Strokes in the US. There were no competitors in this market and the first to move could potentially capture the lions share of the market. This would be a huge capital investment and the rewards as well as the risks will be large. For the CHEF opportunity, there were studies which showed the link between SAD and hypertension, which was an accepted risk factor for CHEF. CHEF needed new technology to respond to CHEF patients breathing patterns. With the focus on prevention as opposed to treatment for many illnesses, pushing into this market and spending the capital on RD could be lucrative.

Advertising (Subliminal) Essays - Camel, Marketing, Free Essays

Advertising (Subliminal) Essays - Camel, Marketing, Free Essays Advertising (Subliminal) ENL 1 Modern advertising companies rely heavily on subliminal messaging to entice their target audiences. Advertisements are often crafted for the purpose of appealing to specific characteristics in the hopes of drawing the attention and appealing to the senses of prospective buyers. Tobacco companies have become notorious for the implementation of such techniques. The images portrayed in many of big tobaccos ads stimulate a variety of senses and emotions. One common tactic used by Camel cigarettes (a subsidiary of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co.) is to isolate and promote lifes pleasures, and American patriotism. A specific Camel ad found in Elle, a common, upscale womens magazine is a perfect example of such advertising. Pleasure To Burn is the slogan centered upon the advertisements page. Above the slogan, CAMEL is written, all letters in Camels trademark font. A beautiful orange sunset serves as a mesmerizing background to an attractive, young women relaxing and enjoying a cigarette on the back of a pristine classic car. The image is painted in the style of the early 50s pin-up doll image. Smoke lazily wafts up through the lettering from the cigarette positioned directly beneath the word Burn. The woman relaxes lazily, eyes closed, facing up towards the orange sunset. There is no question that she is blissfully enjoying her cigarette, and her surroundings. She is dressed in the uniform of a diner waitress, complete with hat, apron, and JANE stenciled upon her left breast patch. Rather than conjure the stereotypical images of young women on roller-skates rushing around busily serving patrons, the subject of this ad is very much relaxes, and very much alone. Rather than appear to be sexual, her short and tight uniform conveys a sense of sensuality as she reclines, comfortable, confident, and independent. The entire focus of the advertisement invites the viewer to partake in the clearly pleasurable experience of smoking a Camel cigarette, specifically to escape the bustling world around us. The sensual imagery further pushes the same lazy, comfortable, yet extremely pleasurable experience of smoking Camels. The ad clearly attempts to represent a truly American theme. The diner era reflected by the images is solely the historical product of the good ol US of A. The classic automobile, in mint condition, aquamarine coloring, and white hard-top set against the beautiful and unpolluted orange sky makes every effort to glorify the past, and to seemingly imply the universal and timeless appeal of Camel cigarettes. The red-haired waitress, in her classic uniform and white apron even sports a more classic American hairstyle, as well as proudly displaying JANE upon her breast patch. The name further seems to emphasize that Camels cigarettes are for everyone; every Jane could be like the waitress in the ad. Camels logo sporting the label underneath Since 1913 proundly invites thoughts of Camels longevity in America, truly solidifying its role as an American classic. The rebellious nature of the images is slightly more subtle but equally powerful in its impact. Upon close inspection, the waitress is wearing shiny new roller-blades rather than roller-skates. Her youthful figure also aids in the imagery of a somewhat rebellious and strong woman. As she smokes with such a sense of luxury and abandonment, one can notice her empty serving tray lying on the car beside her. In addition, she is still in uniform, all the way up to her pinstriped cap. One imagines that she is only on her break, or perhaps taking one without anyone noticing. The empty car implies that the vehicle is her own, and not that of a patron. She seems, despite her conformity in uniform and accoutrement, to be calling all the shots. The fact that not another single human being can be seen further implies that our female protagonist is in her own world, and needs no one. It is doubtful that this sense of singular independence would be lost among the subscribers of Elle magazine, most likely a strong female audience. The mixture of these images serves to provide a clean, packaged message with an almost aesthetic quality; Camel cigarettes are for the independent, hard-working woman who seeks pleasure and social freedom without necessitating any need or help from others. The ads appearance in the modern

IFRS and Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

IFRS and Accounting - Essay Example The IFRS has in recent times been working closely with the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) which is mandated with the provision of the U.S. GAAP (an equivalent of IFRS) for implementation by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) among all publicly listed corporations within the U.S. to harmonize the differences existing between the IFRS and the U.S. GAAP. This is very well demonstrated in the U.S. Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) move in 2007 to a adopt a policy that would permit non-U.S corporations that are listed on the U.S stock exchange to use IFRS in their financial statements instead of the U.S. GAAP. A year later, SEC further edged towards the use of IFRS completely by issuing a road map document that highlighted the steps towards full adoption of the IFRS among publicly traded companies by the year 2014. This move is targeted at publicly traded companies and The American Institute of CPAs has responded with a call for the formation of a separate entity or committee to govern the accounting standards for private corporations. The IFRS and U.S GAAP differ significantly in so far as inventory costs are concerned. It is greatly believed that as the two accounting standards continue being harmonized prior to full adoption of IFRS by 2014, a number of inventory cost methods currently in use under GAAP will cease to be applicable in financial reporting. This will have far reaching consequences in financial accounting for numerous publicly traded companies. But as G?unther and Zoltan (2011) argue, the degree of secondary effect on management accounting will be relatively limited. In spite of this, the... This essay approves that management accounting is faced with numerous challenges in its presently uncontrolled structure unlike financial accounting which is administered under the IFRS and other local GAAPs. One notable challenge to management accounting is the subjective approach with which it is inevitably implemented. Management accounting usually involves a cost-benefit analysis whereby the aim is to have the perceived benefits exceed the implementation costs. In addition, although financial measures are typically used to inform management accounting decisions, other measures can as well be used e.g. time where money cannot be used to present events. for instance time can be used to express service quality for Amazon.com which values fast delivery of items to buyers, in airlines where timely departures and arrivals represent successful operations. This paper makes a conclusion that the introduction of IFRS regulations by the EU parliament paved way for the internalization of financial accounting. IFRS has since gained momentum and characterizes the financial accounting systems of most countries. Also plans are underway for the U.S. to drop its currently used U.S. GAAP for the IFRS by the year 2014. The report has seen how financial accounting differs with management accounting and explored the extent to which international harmonization of accounting regulations in line with IFRs has been achieved. It has also discussed some of the drawbacks inherent in the hitherto unregulated management accounting.

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Argument - Essay Example According to US constitution, every citizen irrespective of their age, gender, race, culture, etc has the right to live. No one is allowed to take the life of the other person. Therefore, it is illegal for any person irrespective of the profession to decide whether the other person will live or not. With the current stressing condition, legalizing the practice will increase the number of euthanasia cases. When patients are undergoing intense pain and suffering, they are likely to make wrong decisions which are regrettable. Therefore, assisted suicide is unethical because it gives a person who is of unsound mind an opportunity to make critical decisions on their assistance. As a result, the practice should be legalized. Allowing assisted suicide in our hospitals will lead to an increase in the cases of negligence. Currently, the number of negligence cases in our health facilities is alarming. Therefore, allowing physicians to terminate the life of people suffering from terminal diseases will reduce the accountability levels. The health providers will get an escape route in case they make mistakes that could have otherwise been avoided. According to our religious beliefs, only God has the power to take the life of a person. Therefore, assisted suicide is not ethical because it provides a person with the right to kill. In addition, such laws will even make patients who are not suffering from terminal diseases to prefer to undergo voluntary euthanasia instead of fighting the disease to the end. In many cases, the health providers have been faced with dilemmas on either to save one person especially during giving birth. However, some cases ends up being successful with both lives having been saved. However, if euthanasia is legalized, health providers will not give a try to solve such dilemmas. This will lead to increased deaths that could have otherwise been avoided. Many people in the society fear suffering. With the number of people suffering from

As momentum gathers Essay Example for Free

As momentum gathers Essay As we know from Act 1 John has committed adultery with Abigail Williams, at this stage Elizabeth has not forgiven him, sees Abigail as a threat, and does not trust John She has an arrow in you yet John  John does try to make it up to Elizabeth but is it only when they are both threatened with death/imprisonment that they both really show their love for each other.  JohnI will fall like an ocean on that court! In addition, when they are both in prison He pats her hand; she covers his hand with hers. Salems problems begin when Abigail along with her cousin and friends are seen dancing and practicing voodoo in the forest. In an attempt to get them selves out of trouble (as both are very sinful actions) the girls accuse others in the community of witchcraft. As momentum gathers, villagers turn against each other in a desire to save themselves but also use the situation in a vicious attempt to settle old scores. John having spoken to Abigail Williams before the accusations started knows that Abigail has lied, because when he told her that the town was rumbling witchcraft and replied oh posh! We were dancin in the woods last night and my uncle leaped in on us. She took fright thats all. John hesitates to speak out because he is afraid of publically admitting his adultery and the effect it will have on his good name and his relationship with his wife and friends. Here he is showing no goodness at all because he is putting his self-preservation above honesty and what he knows he should morally do. His fear is allowing unjust and untrue accusations to continue.  By the time he comes to his senses and tells the truth many people have been imprisoned including his own wife (who is there because of Abigail Williams maliciousness and desire to have John to herself) and some have already been hanged. It is too late to undo the wrong and too late to stop it continuing. John and Elizabeth are re-united in prison after three months separation and their relationship has changed. It is now honest and they both have more goodness. Elizabeth forgives John for his adultery by admitting that she was cold within the marriage I counted myself so plain, so poorly made, no honest love could come to me! I never knew how to say my love. It were a cold house I kept! You take my sins upon you She also goes against her strict religious principles and lies thinking this will save her husband but it has totally the opposite effect. John does not think he is worthy enough to die like his friends because he still feels guilt for his sins I cannot mount the gibbet like a saint. It is a fraud. My honesty is broke, I am no good man, Nothings spoiled by giving them this lie that were not rotten long before So he begins by confessing that he saw the devil but then Elizabeth forgiveness makes him realise that this is the wrong moral decision because it would be calling his friends liars. He will now die but has chosen the truth at last For now I do think I see a shred of goodness in John Proctor. Not enough to weave a banner with, but white enough to keep it from such dogs There is a moral story though out the play. If John Proctor had told the community in the beginning that Abigail Williams was lying before the situation had escalated I think the fate of the whole of Salem would have been very different. If he had not have committed adultery he would not have hesitated. He did not have the courage to be judged for his sin and as result allowed innocent people to suffer. I think that John and Elizabeth Proctor are heroes because they were killed for their friends and religion and were killed for something they did not do but still took the punishment.  To summarize I would say that John now has his Goodness because he has told the truth at last and Elizabeth feels she has no right to influence his morally correct decision in any way. He can therefore he can die a good man, with his conscience clear, ready to meet God.

Reasons For Strategic Decision At Thai Airways

Reasons For Strategic Decision At Thai Airways An inspired and carefully considered business strategy can be used to guide a company to achieve greater profitability and success, as it is known that strategy can be viewed as plan, ploy, pattern, position and perspective (Kourdi 2009, p3). To those companies that rely on low price to attract customers, such as budget airlines, business strategy plays a significant role in their business. However, business strategy should be based on the understandings about competition and threats in the industry, micro and macro environment factors that affect the success of their business, and strengths and competitive advantages of the company. Only can business strategy that is based on these understandings be used to achieve success of business Question 1: Reasons for Launching a Low-cost Airline with Thai Airways Tiger Airways is going to launch a low-cost airline with Thai Airways, which will target domestic and international destinations within five hours flying times distance on the basis of Bangkok (Creedy 2001). There are many reasons that Tiger Airway launched this airline jointly with Thai Airways, and the following five reasons are the most important ones: To compete effectively. It can be seen from the case that, by joint venture, it is easier for Tiger Airways to grow its business in Thailand, and will compete effectively in this region with Jetstar and AirAsia (Creedy 2001). Additional network advantages. By joint venture, it will build better network relationship with Thai Airways and may have advantages to deal with future spread risk and competition, as Thai Airways becomes a partner rather than a competitor (Creedy 2001). Additional cost advantage. By possessing 49% of the joint venture, and other 51% owned by Thai Airways, Tiger Airlways has chance to use the advantage of Thai Airways to maintain and even strength its low cost advantage (Creedy 2001). To reduce risk. By additional network and cost advantages brought from this deal, Tiger Airways is capable to face further spread risk. Pan-regional strategy. This joint venture is an important step forward in Tigers pan-regional strategy. It is noted by CEO of Tiger Airways, Tony Davis, that Bangkok is one key South East Asian gateway within striking distance of both India and China (Creedy 2001). By additional network advantage from joint venture with Thai Airways, it becomes easier for Tiger Airways to implement this strategy. Reasons for Strategic Decision Tiger Airways decision of launching a new airline jointly with Thai Airways can be considered as a strategic decision. Reasons are stated as follows: This decision affected the long-term direction of Tiger Airways. As mentioned above, this decision was an important step forward for its pan-regional strategy (Creedy 2001). This decision helped achieve advantage for Tiger Airways. Additional network advantage with Thai Airways and cost advantages were achieved by this joint venture decision. This decision expanded the activities scope of Tiger Airways to low-cost flight to Bangkok/ Thailand, and might expand to India and China as well This decision had major resource implication. It is mentioned in the case that by 2015, 68 flights would be allocated to this low-cost airline (Creedy 2001). This decision created new opportunity for Tiger Airways. By this decision, Tiger Airways became more competitive with Jetstar and AirAsia, which created new opportunity for the growth of Tiger Airways (Creedy 2001). This decision affected operational decisions of Tiger Airways. Investment in this new airline needs to be taken into consideration by Tiger Airways. Obviously, this decision can be viewed as a plan, a ploy, a pattern, a position, a perspective. Therefore, it is a strategic decision. Macro Environment Analysis PESTEL model is a good technique that can be utilized to analyze macro environment factors that affect the industries, as well as low-cost airline industry. It contains six factors which are Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors (Robinson 2009, p75). Political: Government instability is a major factor to the low-cost airline industry. For example, the affairs of Prime Minister of Thailand, Thaksin Shinawatra and his Red-Shirt, led to a fatal drop in tourism industry, which may decrease the customer amount of low-cost airline industry (BBC 2010). Economical: Economy recession and financial crisis affected the profitability of low-cost airline industry players. A survey carried by Airline Business indicated that although revenue didnt show decline, profitability was affected by the financial crisis. Many players encountered a loss in 2008 compared to 2007 (Dunn 2009). Social: The attitude of income distribution and balancing work and leisure are factors that cant be neglected. People who are willing to distribute their money on travelling and their free time of leisure will increase the customer amount of the industry. Technological: Technology that makes standing seats for airlines available influence this low-cost airline industry seriously. The availability of standing seats for airlines will cut down the cost of industry will make it more attractive (BBC UK, 2010). Legal and Environmental: Employment laws, competition law, threat of natural causes, carbon dioxide emission are other factors of the low-cost airline industry. Question 2: Corporate Strategy, Business Level Strategy and Operational Strategy Corporate Level Strategy According to the definition from Collis and Montgomery (2005, p8), corporate level strategy can be defined as the way that a company uses to create value through configuration and coordination of its multimarket activities. There are three main emphases of this definition, value creation, configuration and multimarket activities. It is indicated in Appendix 1 that the corporate strategy of Tiger Airways is that: To create a portfolio of profitable routes throughout Asia and Australasia by establishing airlines in market where low-fare, low cost business model has exceptional potential for sustainable profitability with ancillary services such as luggage upsize, seat selector and sports equipment check-in. Business Level Strategy One model developed by Bowman called The Strategy Clock can be used to get good understanding about business level strategy, which relates competitive advantage to cost advantage and differentiation advantage. These successful strategies can be illustrated as following levels: Low price/ low added value, Low price, Hybrid, differentiation without price premium and Focused differentiation (Angwin et al 2007, p121) All these different strategy are classified based on two factors, price and value. It can be seen from Appendix 1 that the price of Tiger Airways is low because the company implement cost leadership strategy. Besides, compare to other airlines, the value added by Tiger Airways is limited. Luggage is limited to a certain size; seat selection will be charged. Only is purchased food or drink is allowed compare to free food and drink in SIA. Thus, the activities are low value-added. Therefore, based on these two factors, the business level strategy is Low price/Low added value. Operational Strategy According to the definition of Lowson (2002, p57) that operational strategy can be viewed widely as a value delivery strategy. It is all about decisions which helps create and deliver product/service, value to customers through companies core competencies. Therefore, the main operational strategy of Tiger Airways is to maintain and enhance the core competencies of low fare/ low cost. Many decisions have been made based on this strategy: Joint venture with Thai Airways to launch new airline. Install advanced 3-D weather radar to increase efficiency (Tiger Airways.com 2010) Minimize service that charges customers on customers behalf. Question 3: Porters Five Forces Analysis Porters five forces model is one of the most well-known models in business literature that produce the competitive situation in any industry (Beamish Williams 2008 pp76-77). The five forces and their relations are indentified as follows: Threat of new entrants Threat of substitutes Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining power of suppliers Intensity of rivalry Source: Caneval Ventures. Models on the dynamics of innovation. http://www.caneval.com/vision/innovation/innovation2.html [Last accessed: Dec. 7th 2010] Threat of new entrants The threat of new entrants of the low-cost airline industry is very fierce (4 out of 5). Although the investment of setting up new airline companies is huge to those organizations which are not in the airline industry, it is feasible to other organizations which are already in airline industry to establish new companies which serve the low-cost airline industry. The establishment of Tiger Airways can be an example to support this point. Tiger Airways is partially by SIA, which is the leading airline service provider all over the world. Threat of substitutes Long distance coaches, trains, passenger ships, network and other airline service providers (such as SIA) are the main substitutes of the low-cost airline industry. It can be seen from Appendix 2 that, although the low-cost airline industry is a booming industry with high growth rate, Network airline service providers are still the main provider in the airline industry. And Long distance coaches and trains play much more significant role in transportation in countries such as China because of the poor development of air transport. Therefore, this threat is very high (3 out of 5). Bargaining power of buyers In low-cost airline industry, though customers are easy to find substitutes but these substitutes may cause higher price or take more time to reach their destinations. Therefore, the bargaining power of buyers is not so strong (2 out of 5). For example, it is clearly seen from Appendix 3 that SIA return ticket for travelling between Singapore and Hong Kong is around 100SGD expensive than that of Tiger Airways. Bargaining power of suppliers Obviously, the main supply of low-cost airline industry should be the aircrafts, and Boeing and Air Bus are the two suppliers of aircrafts to low-cost airline industry. It means that these two companies are in the position of monopoly. Therefore, their bargaining power is extraordinary strong (5 out of 5). Intensity of rivalry The intensity of rivalry of low-cost airline industry is not so fierce (2 out of 5). Although the core competency of low-cost airline players is low fare/low cost, they have regional characteristic, which means only few airline players are recognized by customers in a certain areas. For instance, in South East Asia, Tiger Airways and AirAsia are the two recognized players by customers. In conclusion of the analysis of Porters five forces model, the outcome can be summarized as the following picture. Low-cost airline industry is an attractive industry, as buyers dont have strong bargaining power, which means this market is a seller market; low threats of substitutes means low-cost airline is a good choice among the products or services. Besides, although bargaining power of suppliers is extraordinary high, every player in the industry will face this problem, and because of a booming industry with high growth rate, low-cost airline industry is an attractive industry. Question 4: Value Chain Analysis Porters value chain model is a typical value chain model, which state nine kinds of business activities (Wang 2007, p81). And these business activities are classified into assistant and basic activities, which can stated as below: Wang Weijun (2007). Integration and innovation orient to e-society. New York: Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC. p81. However, this model aims at manufacture companies. Tiger Airways is in the industry of low-cost airlines, which is a service industry, therefore, the model needs to be modified based on the assumptions as follows: All the purchases are for infrastructure development purpose. Service is produced once purchase happens. Therefore, it can be seen from the case and other information from website and Tiger Airways 2010 annual reports that the value added activities are presented as follows: In the case, it is said that by 2015, 8 flights would be allocated to the new launched low-cost airline; this is the value-added activity which develops the infrastructure of Tiger Airways (Creedy 2001). In the annual report, it is stated that all new directors to the Board are briefed by Management on the Groups business activities, strategic directions, and will be sent for external training and development programmes. This is the value-added activities on manpower resource management (Annual report 2010). By this, Tiger Airways is able to make out better corporate, business level and operational strategies for the long-term development of the company and sustain the cost advantage as well. According to the media release of Tiger Airways, in 2010, by partnering with Honeywell, the company installed advanced 3-D weather radar enhance safety and passenger comfort. This can be viewed as a value-added activity based on technology development (Tiger Airways.com 2010). The annual reported stated that by renewing contracts with airports, ground services, providers and other suppliers, and purchased two aircrafts from Airbus (own rather than lease), enabled Tiger Airways to further reduce operating cost and in tune increase value to customers (Annual report 2010). According to the website, extra service is provided such as luggage upsize, seat selection and as well as related service, for example, hotels, insurance and car hire to enhance the types of service that customer can enjoy through Tiger Airways. There are many other business activities done by Tiger Airways, which enrich the value of service provided by Tiger Airways and gain wide recognition among customers, this is the exact reason helps Tiger Airways be one of the leaders in South East Asia to provide low-cost airline service. Question 5: Common Cost-cutting Strategies According to many literatures, there are many different kinds of cost-cutting strategies, for instance, rationalization, standardization, central processing of transactions, technology application and cost management strategy (OBrien Datta 1989, p165). Therefore, related to low cost carriers, the common cost-cutting strategies can be presented as follows: Rationalization. To low cost carriers, non-value-added activities are removed and only do those value-added activities remain. For example, there is one rule in Tiger Airways that only is purchased food or drink is allowed. Standardization. Another strategy is to standardize the service of low cost carriers. It can be seen for Appendix 4 that the service of Tiger Airways is standardized, as extra services will be charged by a certain price. Central processing of transactions. Crucial processes are identified by low cost carriers that need to be focus on to provide the basic service to their customers. Technology application. New technology can be applied to reduce operational cost and even reduce the proportion of risk. As mentioned above, the 3-D weather radar is applied by Tiger Airways to increase the accuracy of weather prediction to reduce unnecessary loss by reason of bad weather (Tiger Airways.com 2010). Cost management strategy. This strategy is used by low cost carriers to understanding the factors that affected the cost such as fuel, labour, distribution, inventory management, purchasing, and foreign exchange (IATA Training Portfolio). Take Tiger Airways as an example, the two main business regions are South East Asia and Australia. Therefore, the foreign exchange rate between AUS Dollar and SGD is a factor that cannot be neglected Another evidence stated in Tiger Airways 2010 annual report that by renewing contracts with airports, ground services, providers and other suppliers, and purchased two aircrafts from Airbus (own rather than lease), enabled Tiger Airways to further reduce operating cost. Three Future Strategies The strategies will be given according to Ansoffs product/market matrix. Source: Berger Roland., Kotler Philip., Bickhoff (2010). The Quintessence of Strategic Management. London: Springer Heigelberg. p36. Market Penetration. To Tiger Airways, it should use activities such as advertising, sales promotion to increase seat occupancy rate, which in turn will reduce the operating cost, this is the way to build strong core competencies. Market Development. It is evident in the case that market development is a suitable strategy for Tiger Airways to reduce operating cost and company development (Creedy 2001). By adding new airlines through joint ventures with other airline companies, it will give Tiger Airways have chance to benefit from advantages of other airline companies. Diversification. There are two main types of diversifications, related and unrelated diversification. Thus, To Tiger Airways, the company may use related diversification strategy to expand its business, such as to international express business. Through this strategy, the company can reduce the operating cost. References: Angwin Duncan., Cummings Stephen., Smith Chris (2007). The strategy pathfinder: core concepts and micro-cases. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. pp121-122. Annual report (2010). Chairmans statement. http://www.tigerairways.com/news/Annual_Report_2010.pdf [Last accessed: Dec. 7th 2010] BBC (2010). Thailand red-shirts set out new conditions. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8671991.stm [Last accessed: Dec. 7th 2010] BBC UK (2010). Are standing seats a standing joke? http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8779388.stm [Last accessed: Dec. 7th 2010] Beamish Karen., Williams John (2008). Analysis and Evaluation. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd. pp76-77 Berger Roland., Kotler Philip., Bickhoff (2010). The Quintessence of Strategic Management. London: Springer Heigelberg. p36 Caneval Ventures. Models on the dynamics of innovation. http://www.caneval.com/vision/innovation/innovation2.html [Last accessed: Dec. 7th 2010] Collis J. David., Montgomery A. Cynthia (2005). Corporate strategy: a resource-based approach. New York: McGraw-Hill. P8. Creedy, S. (2001), Tiger Airways to start Thai low-cost airline, The Australian, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/tiger-tostart-thai-low-cost-airline/story-e6frg8zx-1225900253006 [Last accessed: Dec. 7th 2010] Dunn Graham (2009). Low-cost carriers: Ready for battle. http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/04/21/325429/low-cost-carriers-ready-for-battle.html [Last accessed: Dec. 7th 2010] IATA Training Portfolio. Cost Reduction Strategies. http://www.iata.org/training/courses/Pages/talf02.aspx [Last accessed: Dec. 7th 2010] Kourdi Jeremy (2009). Business Strategy: A Guide to Taking Your Business Forward. 2nd ed. London: Profile Books Ltd. p3. Lowson H. Robert (2002). Strategic operations management: the new competitive advantage. 1st ed. Oxon: Routledge. p57 OBrien Richard., Datta Tapan (1989). International economics and financial markets. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p165. Robinson Peter (2009). Operations Management in the Travel Industry. Oxford: CAB International. p75. Tiger Airways.com (2010). Tiger Airways to install advanced 3-D weather radar; first low-cost airline in Asia to use latest technology on A320s. http://www.tigerairways.com/news/20100616.pdf [Last accessed: Dec. 7th 2010] Wang Weijun (2007). Integration and innovation orient to e-society. New York: Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC. p57. Appendix 1: http://www.tigerairways.com/sg/en/about_us.php Appendix 2: Figure 1: Airline Market Share by Type of Carrier Note: All others is primarily regional jet carriers but may include a small percentage of scheduled charter carriers. Source: M.R. Dayton, Trends and Demand in Aviation Markets, presentation at the ATCA/FAA/Nav Canada Technical Symposium, Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2004. Appendix 3: Tiger Airways price: http://booking.tigerairways.com/skylights/cgi-bin/skylights.cgi SIA price: http://www.singaporeair.com/saa/zh_CN/Pricing/FlightCalendar.jsp

What Is The Purpose Of College

While struggling to prioritize and manage my time efficiently for the complete on of finals, the recurring question of the significance of college plays in my head. Was this the right decision? Will this land me my dream job in four years? Is this a familiar feeling g for all college freshmen? Questions such as these race back and forth as I try my hardest to finish word k for general education classes that have absolutely no interest in.All throughout my high school years was essentially being trained for college The exams, essay structures, and constant lectures of expectations were all drilled into us in preparation for higher education. I've learned, however, that there are so ma NY small but imperative details about college that a high school counselor cannot teach a p arson; one has to experience it for themselves. The sudden gift Of freedom and the ability to ex. SST without any supervision from those one is so accustomed to obeying, is more than enough h to catch a student of f guard and result in experimental behavior.Even aside from students in De separate attempts to mind themselves and adapt to such a brand new environment, the coursework and pressure for students to have their college careers planned out is more than likely to lead t o doubts and stress. In the long run, it is almost certain that the decision to obtain a degree will lea eve a person with a higher chance at earning a greater salary, becoming more knowledgeable of g mineral studies, and being better able to handle both diversity and adversity.While there are man y benefits there are also many flaws in the system, as well as alternatives for those who do not bell eve that the college experience is right for them. One of the greatest influences of college admissions is the impression that o en is guaranteed to earn a higher salary if they have a degree of some level. While t he probabilities aren't set in stone, there are some relative pieces of evidence that support HTH s theory. Accor ding to the U. S.Census Bureau, the annual salary difference between high school g radiates and those who hold a bachelors degree is roughly twentieth thousand dollars. With a college degree in a particular field one makes themselves more marketable, as well as qualified ND available for many more open positions because of their previously acquired knowledge. N regards to the job search, the more time a person spends at a college allows them to make all the e more connections adjusts might help them land a position with ease.As far as the economy go sees in today's society, having a bachelors degree (or higher) is the equivalent to what holding g a high school diploma was just years ago. As time passes, requirements become a lot more particular depending on the compensation one would like to receive from their employ For those who are passionate about a particular subject, college is a great plan CE to attend. The unlimited amount of resources, aid from specialized professors, and s up port from peers studying the exact majors are a great motivator for success.College grants SST dents the opportunity to find themselves in a sense. Because of all the freedoms, studs ants gradually begin to realize their true likes and dislikes. Often times things that one thought the y were passionate about end up getting replaced by a new found love. College supports these d velveteen's and offers platforms (such as classrooms and studies) for one to be creative and e express themselves. It is not always about choosing the field that will yield the most income.Taking g the opportunity to pursue your craft, no matter what the reward, is a notion that some are away are enough to take note Of and act upon. The ability to understand people and their different cultures, behaviors, etc can be learned in college as well. Universities present the chance to meet and socialize e with peers from all over the world. And although this may be a bit uncomfortable and sort of a culture shock a t first, the lessons and comprehensions that one leaves these friendships with are priceless and unlikely to happen in any other setting.Aversive, or stress, may be the biggest and recurring obstacles throughout on see's college career. It stems from any and every place, and happens all the time. The pres sure to succeed and pass with outstanding grades and the inability to manage time effectively are probably the leading causes of stress. But, if there's anyone who can handle a week's worth of extreme sisters and still manage to pull their grades together despite the occasional mental meltdown, its a college student. But is college really necessary?Is it really required for everyone? No, if one do sees decide not to attend college that in no way makes them a failure or any less superior than a graduate. Although college offers a lot of possibilities, so does the real world. There are still hundreds of ways to sun. ‘eve and support oneself without higher education. For starter s, o en can teach themselves. By simply choosing the subject of their interest, a person can ma term any topic he or she desires by use Of obtainable resources such as books, videos, online tutor ails, etcetera.A schoolbag's alternative to college is also trade school. By earning a certificate , a person can do anything from working in that corresponding area to taking the next step and opening pupa business or practice that provides that particular service. Another factor that leads people to choosing a direction other than college is the fact that it is so extremely pricey. Many people cannot make the grades for scholarship s, do not receive enough in financial aid, and can not afford college out of pocket.Therefore t hey are forced to result in a lesser alternative or just not pursuing an extended education at all. Ultimately, college is a privilege and a huge decision for anyone considering attending. Prepare ion is key: entering with a healthy mindset is ideal for a smooth tran sition. As for those who not s e themselves in university in the future, it is perfectly okay to chase your dreams and do what you set your mind and heart to.

Dr Pepper Essay

I. Factual Summary: Dr. Pepper is the main contender in the non-alcoholic beverage industry. Their wide range of products is the key to their continued success; by giving consumers variety. Dr. Pepper also remains profitable by maintaining a strong brand images and relationship with its consumers. Their main customers are large retails stores like Wal-Mart and Target; as well as convenient stores. II. Problem/ Opportunity: Dr. Pepper has the opportunity to branch out in the sports/energy drink market. The problem is the high level of competition. Red Bull and Monster already possess a great deal of the market and are well-known through branding and advertisement. III. Alternative Solutions: a.) Launch an energy drink and rely on the already existing relationships with vendors and consumers to make a profit. Use creative advertisements and slogans to compete against the competition. b.) Create an entirely new niche of product to stand out above the crowd. The product would need to be focused around the 18-25 age range; since that is where the market is seeing the most sales. Also, it will need to designed to fit into the â€Å"on-the go† lifestyle. c.) Focus on current products; and not venture into the sports drink genre. To avoid a potential loss of profit; Dr. Pepper could forgo launching a new line in an already competitive market. IV. Selection Solution: Dr. Pepper can launch a new drink that is protein filled. New to the shelves this product will attract the athletic consumer as well as those on the go lifestyles that are looking for a healthier drink choice. Dr. Pepper can still charge a higher price than Gatorade, and reach the same target market; since this is an entirely new concept. V. Conclusion The U.S. sports drink market posted total retail sales of $7.5 billion in 2006 and a year-over-year growth rate of about 13%. Dr. Pepper definitely needs to be part of this product category. By sticking out above the crowd with the protein filled drink, Dr. Pepper will not be directly competing against Red Bull or Monster, but will still have a presence in the health conscious market. Dr. Pepper can use in place relationships and strong brand image to its advantage while launching this new drink. It is important to target the right market with this product; which would be the 18 to 25 age range.

Free Essays on Charles Manson

Charles Manson is known as one of the most sinister and evil criminals of all time. He organized the murders that shocked the world and his name still strikes fear into American hearts. Manson's childhood, personality, and uncanny ability to control people led to the creation of a family-like cult and ultimately to the bloody murders of numerous innocent people. Charles M. Manson was born in Cincinnati, Ohio on November 11, 1934. His mother, Kathleen Maddox, was a teenage prostitute. Manson's father walked out on the still pregnant Maddox, never to be seen again. In order to give her bastard son a name, Ms. Maddox married William Manson. He soon abandoned the both of them. Manson's mother often neglected Charles after her husband left her. She tried to put him into a foster home, but the arrangements fell through. As a last resort she sent Charles to school in Terre Haute, Indiana. Mrs. Manson failed to make the payments for the school and once again Charles was sent back to his mother's abuse. At only fourteen, Manson left his mother and rented a room for himself. He supported himself with odd jobs and petty theft. His mother turned him into the juvenile authorities, who had him sent to "Boys Town," a juvenile detention center, near Omaha, Nebraska. Charles spent a total of three days in "Boys Town" before running away. He was arrested in Peoria, Illinois for robbing a grocery store and was then sent to the Indiana Boys School in Plainfield, Indiana, where he ran away another eighteen times before he was caught and sent to the National Training School for Boys in Washington D.C. Manson never had a place to call "home" or a real family. He spent his childhood being sent from one place to another, and trouble always seemed to follow him. His mother's negligence left Manson without a home and without much of a future. Manson turned to crime to support hi... Free Essays on Charles Manson Free Essays on Charles Manson Charles Manson is known as one of the most sinister and evil criminals of all time. He organized the murders that shocked the world and his name still strikes fear into American hearts. Manson's childhood, personality, and uncanny ability to control people led to the creation of a family-like cult and ultimately to the bloody murders of numerous innocent people. Charles M. Manson was born in Cincinnati, Ohio on November 11, 1934. His mother, Kathleen Maddox, was a teenage prostitute. Manson's father walked out on the still pregnant Maddox, never to be seen again. In order to give her bastard son a name, Ms. Maddox married William Manson. He soon abandoned the both of them. Manson's mother often neglected Charles after her husband left her. She tried to put him into a foster home, but the arrangements fell through. As a last resort she sent Charles to school in Terre Haute, Indiana. Mrs. Manson failed to make the payments for the school and once again Charles was sent back to his mother's abuse. At only fourteen, Manson left his mother and rented a room for himself. He supported himself with odd jobs and petty theft. His mother turned him into the juvenile authorities, who had him sent to "Boys Town," a juvenile detention center, near Omaha, Nebraska. Charles spent a total of three days in "Boys Town" before running away. He was arrested in Peoria, Illinois for robbing a grocery store and was then sent to the Indiana Boys School in Plainfield, Indiana, where he ran away another eighteen times before he was caught and sent to the National Training School for Boys in Washington D.C. Manson never had a place to call "home" or a real family. He spent his childhood being sent from one place to another, and trouble always seemed to follow him. His mother's negligence left Manson without a home and without much of a future. Manson turned to crime to support hi...

To find out how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis in elodea Essays

To find out how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis in elodea Essays To find out how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis in elodea Essay To find out how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis in elodea Essay Essay Topic: Synthesis The aim of my experiment is to find out how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis in elodea (pondweed). To do this I will place the light intensity to various distances and observe the amount of oxygen bubble given off from the reactionPrediction:I predict that as the light intensity changes the rate of photosynthesis will increases of decreases dependent on the amount of light intensity. This will be observed by counting the amount of oxygen bubble given off from the reaction. The oxygen bubbles are given off as a waste product of the plant.Hypothesis:I hypothesised that if the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis will also increase until a certain level is reached. After, the rate of reaction will than fall down, ultimately increase in light intensity will no longer affect the rate of reaction. This is because other factors effecting rate of reaction will be limited for example: carbon dioxide and temperature.Preliminary workTo check if the range that I chose for my experiment were correct I carried out a preliminary investigation in which I counted the amount of oxygen bubble given off from the reaction at several distances in a given time. To adjust different light intensity I used a lamp at various distances from the reaction of the pondweed. I used the meter ruler to measure the various distances from the plant.Table of result (preliminary work)amount of sodium carbonate (g)Amount of water(HCl)(ml)Amount of pondweed(g)Time(min)Distance of length from the lamp (cm)Number of oxygen bubble given off1st reading2nd reading3rd readingAverage313501.1210121121125122313501.122067526160313501.123019182320313501.124015182118313501.12506565From my opinion I think this experiment was accurate enough to be the foundation for my main experiment because it gave me a good set of results which were reliable since it met my prediction and hypothesis which was, as the light intensity increases the rate of reaction also in creases so the closer the lamp to the reaction the more oxygen bubble were given off. The preliminary experiment also helped me to check if the range of 10, 20,30,40,50 were good enough to give me a good set result which I can draw a graph too. The graph for this result was accurate because it gave me a good best fit curve I think it was simple and efficient way of obtaining an idea of the trends for the graphVariablesIndependent variableDependent variableControl variable* The distance from the through this is to make sure that the light intensity varies, so that we obtain an adequate range of result. To make it reliable I used measurement meter ruler to measure the distance* Number of oxygen bubble given off this is a result of the reaction pondweed takes in carbon dioxide (from the sodium hydrogen chloride) and Water to produce oxygen, this is noticed by the volume of oxygen produced in a minute, and there for finding the rate of photosynthesis* The amount of pondweed is kept t he same because the increase in pondweed the higher the rate of photosynthesis, so keep it constant I used the same pondweed through out the experiment.* Water this is also required in the reaction of photosynthesis and it is important that it is kept constant thought out the experiment because water can also effect the rate of photosynthesis, how ever in a water plant like a pondweed, as long as the plant is fully submerged in water all the time there is no a problem of keeping the water constant.* Sodium hydrogen carbonate kept constant to keep the carbon dioxide even as it varies in photosynthesis, so I would make sure that fixed amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate is in the water and also that it is sufficient for the whole experiment to take place so it doesnt become a limiting factor during the experiment.* Temperature temperature also effects the rate of photosynthesis temperature will increase the rate of photosynthesis, until a point at which the enzymes denature, so it is important to keep the temperature constant so I have chosen to keep the temperature at the room temperature, to make it stays steady I am going to put the thermometer in to the water and check it frequently to make sure it stays to room temperature, some time the light given off from the lamp also increases the temperature so I am going to use a screen in front of the lamp to prevent the heat from the light so it is fair.* Light wavelength this can simply be controlled by keeping the same lamp to the same amount of light given of through the whole experiment.Apparatus used:* Pond weed of the experiment* Lamp for the light* Thermometer check the temperature* Water -* Funnel to keep the pondweed in the same place* Screen to allow light and prevent heat* Trough -* Boiling tube* Spatula* Stop watch* Mass balance* Sodium hydrogen carbonate* Meter rulerDrawing of how the apparatus was assembled:Method:1. I Collected all the equipment that were needed2. Then filled the sink with w ater.3. Later on, I then filled the trough with water.4. I than set the pondweed in the funnel5. And covered the top of the funnel with boiling tube so the oxygen in the air would not affect my experiment.6. I added a small amount of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate (3g) to the water, which was under the funnel using a spatula.7. I than placed the lamp at the first distance (10cm); lamp was switched off.8. I placed a thermometer in the water.9. Then I set/reset the stopwatch.10. I then switched on the lamp and started the stop watch at the sight of the fist bubble.11. I used the stopwatch to time for 2 minutes in order for me to calculate how many bubbles were being produced.12. I then switched off the lamp and took the reading down.13. And used the same method to get the reading for other distances.Fair test:* to make the experiment fair I maintain the control variable which were:* The amount of pondweed was kept the same through out the experiment.* Water kept constant thought out the ex periment.* Keep the temperature constant at the room temperature.* Use the same lamp through out the experiment* The experiment was done 3 times.* Stop watch was used to time the reaction* Same people counted the bubbles through out.* Have 2 people counting the bubbles to make it more fair.Safety:* Wear goggles through out the experiment.* Do not touch the lamp as it might be hot.* Do not touch electrical equipment with wet hands.* Do not look into the lamp while on as it might effect the eye.Range:* 10cm* 20cm* 30cm* 40cm* 50cmHow the collected data was made reliable:* I used a wide range of distances 5* Done the experiment 3 times so its reliable* Averaged out the 3 readingsTHE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:Photosynthesis is the chemical process change which happens in the leaves of green plants. It is the first step towards making food not just for plants, but ultimately for every animal on the planet as well. During this reaction, carbon dioxide and water are converted into glucose and oxygen. The reaction requires energy in the form of sunlight, and chlorophyll must also be present.The glucose produced in the photosynthesis reaction can be converted to sucrose and carried to other parts of the plant in phloem vessels. Glucose can also be converted into starch and stored (the starch can later be turned back into glucose and used in respiration). Oxygen is a waste product of photosynthesis.Photosynthesis takes place primarily in plant leaves, and little to none occurs in stems, etc. The parts of a typical leaf include the upper and lower epidermis, the Mesophyll, the vascular bundle(s) (veins), and the stomatas. The upper and lower epidermal cells do not have chloroplasts, thus photosynthesis does not occur there. They serve primarily as protection for the rest of the leaf. The stomatas are holes which occur primarily in the lower epidermis and are for air exchange: they let CO2 in and O2 out. The vascular bundles or veins in a leaf are part of the plants tran sportation system, moving water and nutrients around the plant as needed. The Mesophyll cells have chloroplasts and this is where photosynthesis occurs.There are two kinds of Mesophyll cells palisade Mesophyll and spongy Mesophyll. The Mesophyll cells contain tiny bodies called chloroplasts which contain green chemical called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll enables the light energy from sunlight to be converted into chemical energy for the photosynthesis reaction.Conditions needed for photosynthesisPhotosynthesis needs:* chlorophyll* carbon dioxide (from the air)* water (from the soil)* sunlight energy (any light will do except green light)Photosynthesis produces:* glucose* oxygen (a waste product)Chlorophyll and light energy both need to be present for photosynthesis to take place, but they are not actually part of the reaction they are not used up.Word equation for photosynthesis:Symbol equation for photosynthesis:FACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS:Factors which affect the rate of photos ynthesis include, light intensity, temperature and carbon dioxide concentration. Each factor affects a different rate-limiting step.How Light Intensity affects photosynthesis:As light intensity increases, the photosynthetic rate increases until a point is reached where the rate begins to level off. At low light intensity, photosynthesis occurs slowly because only a small quantity of ATP and NADPH is created by the light dependent reactions. As light intensity increases, more ATP and NADPH are created, thus increasing the photosynthetic rate. At high light intensity, photosynthetic rate levels out, not due to light intensity but due to other limiting factors, including competition between oxygen and carbon dioxide for the active site.How Carbon dioxide affects photosynthesis:As carbon dioxide concentration increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases. At high concentrations, the rate of photosynthesis begins to level out due to factors not related to carbon dioxide concentration. One reason might be that some of the enzymes of photosynthesis are working at their maximum rate. In general, carbon dioxide is found in low concentration in the atmosphere, and so atmospheric carbon dioxide levels may be a major limiting factor on photosynthesis when at low levels.How Temperature Affects Photosynthetic Rate:As temperature increases above freezing, the rate of photosynthesis increases. This occurs because molecules are moving more quickly and there is a greater chance of a collision resulting in a chemical reaction. At some point, a temperature is reached that is an optimum temperature. The photosynthetic reaction rate is at its quickest rate at this point. Above that temperature, the enzymes begin to denature, slowing the rate of photosynthesis until a temperature is reached where photosynthesis does not occur at all.Photosynthesis and respirationTo unlock the energy in the carbohydrate produced in photosynthesis, green plants need to respire, just as animals do. R espiration takes place in the plants cells, using oxygen to produce energy and giving off carbon dioxide as a waste product. So in terms of the gas taken in and the gas given out, respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis.The result is that during the day when the plant is both respiring and photosynthesising there is a two-way traffic of oxygen and carbon dioxide both into and out of the plant. During the night when the plant is respiring but not photosynthesising, oxygen is being taken in but not given out and carbon dioxide is being given out but not taken in.Plants use up more carbon dioxide in photosynthesis than they produce in respiration, and produce more oxygen while photosynthesising than they use up while respiring.Table of result (final)amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate (g)Amount of water(ml)Amount of pondweed(g)Time(min)Distance from the lamp (cm)Number of oxygen bubble given off1st reading2nd reading3rd readingAverage313501.1210119121128122313501.122062546360313 501.123017182119313501.124014161715313501.12505465AnalysisFrom my graph I found out that the rate of photosynthesis decreased as the light intensity decreased. This is because photosynthesis is a reaction, which needs light energy to work, so as the amount of energy from the light intensity decreased so did the amount of photosynthesis thus less oxygen bubbles were given off.In addition, I saw that there is a pattern on my graph which was, as the distance of lamp is decreased the number of bubbles increases. As I expected in my hypothesis; that if the light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis will also increase so if the lamp is moved near the trough there will be more oxygen bubbles given off since the light intensity is increased.From these results I am able to conclude that as the light intensity increases more water molecules are split by photolysis which means more oxygen bubbles would be produced this shows that the rate of photosynthesis has also increased.However my result doesnt show a definite conclusion because there are were other factors that were affecting the rate of photosynthesis such as carbon dioxide and the temperature which as a result produced an anomalous point on the graph.Overall, my graphs and results support my prediction fully. My idea that the rate of photosynthesis would increase with light intensity was comprehensively backed up by my results.EvaluationIn my opinion I think that this experiment was quite successful overall, since I followed the way I did my preliminary experiment as it was accurate enough to be the base of my final experiment. The method that I used was accurate enough to give me a reliable data however there were some error which affected my results such as the heat generated by the lamp. As I have earlier described, temperature has a very noticeable effect on the rate of photosynthesis, to stop this I used the screen in front of the lamp so the heat does affect the process of photosynthesis yet beca use the screen was quite small the heat escaped and affected the reaction. Another error was counting the bubbles; because I counted the bubbles visually I think it made the experiment unreliable therefore to make my experiment reliable and fair next time I would use a gas syringe to measure the volume of oxygen given out from the process of photosynthesis.I think that the result that I found was reliable overall because on my graph there was only one anomalous point which didnt fit the curve of best-fit this might have been because of one of the reasons from the errors which I mentioned earlier in the evaluation might have affected the result at that pointOverall, I felt that due to the small volumes of oxygen involved, my experiment was not as accurate as it could have been, however I believe the result that I got from this experiment was accurate enough to support and justify my hypotheses and prediction.

The influences of Chinese culture on leadership style Dissertation

The influences of Chinese culture on leadership style - Dissertation Example It was likewise found that private sector employees experience all leadership styles more than their public sector counterparts. These outcomes are relevant to ensuring the satisfaction and retention of staff. Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background of the Study Cross-cultural research has emphasized how culture can be strongly associated with leadership behaviours. Aside from practical needs, it is also of great importance that the influence of culture on leadership is investigated. The notion on the concept of leadership has now highlighted the fact that attitudes, behaviours, and values of leaders can vary due to national cultures (Liu, Fu, and Wu 2008). Moreover, it has also been asserted that leaders’ effectiveness considerably differs due to the culture with which such leaders function (Fikret-Pasa, Kabasakal, and Bodur 2001). Because strong evidence exists regarding the impact on national culture on the behaviour of leaders, the influence of Chinese culture on their style s of leadership has been widely documented (Wang, Tsui, and Xin 2011). The considerable transformation of the People’s Republic of China with regards to their political, economic and social aspects has caught the world’s interest over the previous years. Due to a planned economy that has become increasingly competitive during the past two decades, the country’s activities have become more incorporated into the global economy and has been observed to be a very significant player in the international market (Tsui and Lau 2002). China also remains to be the world’s largest Communist nation and is committed to function with its cultural influences in controlling and managing businesses. Nonetheless, traditional firms in China have continued to experience major organisational transformations as well as an increased competition due to numerous new and fresh entrepreneurial companies (Tsui and Lau 2002; Moody 2003). Such conditions develop a sense of uncertainty for firms and establishes a setting in which their leaders must possess and demonstrate a high level of good judgment to positively influence organisational outcomes (Boal and Hooijberg 2000). The more effective and cautious leaders are, the better their influence on decisions, and behavioural decisions will be, hence, better outcomes for their firms (Boal 2004). Moreover, traditional Chinese culture allow leaders to have dominant control and authority over their firms and have the main responsibility of making decisions as their subordinates expect guidance and consent from them. Leaders represent important figures in any organisation whose actions and decisions are observed and adopted by others (Farh and Cheng 2000). Chinese leaders were selected as the main topic for the current study as they function in a working environment that is characterized by constant environmental changes (Tsui, Schoonhoven, Meyer, Lau, and Milkovich 2004), yet their commitment to operate in accordance with cultural beliefs and values cannot be overemphasized. In environments characterized by ambiguity and instability, leaders are expected to provide their firms with a vision and direction for the future. China’s major transformation into free market competition has

Nursing theory reviewed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing theory reviewed - Essay Example Nursing involves four perspectives in which the professionals address the whole nursing problems by subdividing the concepts into: The person/patient- they analyze the physiological structure and functioning of the body, psychological perspective to deal with mental processes and emotions. In addition, they analyze developmental processes within the lifespan and actively look into social-cultural and spiritual side of their patient. The health perspective in nursing tends to define health as a condition in which all body parts are in harmony with the client, here the client being the patient. This harmony is usually based on the body needs and how much it receives from the system in that for optimality the energy provided by the system should always be more than what the body can actually use. Nursing also seeks to evaluate environment aspect through analysis of external and internal factors that surround a patient and the rate at which they interact in any given time. Also nursing i nvolves consistency, should use direct but simple approach, governed by nursing education and practice so as to address the areas of primary, secondary and tertiary interventions Training and professionalism go hand in hand in that continuing one’s education and/or study while working is an essential criterion for a long term success through competence development in furthering their careers. With a series of requirements in the nursing sector, knowledge development is of paramount importance as to the scope of their activities. For instance knowledge development from antiquity to nightingale, from nightingale to science and from knowing patterns to contexts of knowledge development, calls for intensive study and further training. Ethical knowledge development calls for nursing ethics, code of conduct and morality and an over view of ethical perspectives. Nursing as a field with wide application and scope entails conceptualization and structuring of